This article is about lymphoma in humans. For the disease in dogs, cats, and ferrets, see lymphoma in animals.
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system). There are many types of lymphoma. Lymphomas are part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.
In the 19th and 20th centuries the affliction was called Hodgkin\'s Disease, as it was discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. Colloquially, lymphoma is broadly categorized as Hodgkin\'s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (all other types of lymphoma). Scientific classification of the types of lymphoma is more detailed.
Although older classifications referred to histiocytic lymphomas, these are recognized in newer classifications as of B, T or NK cell lineage. Histiocytic malignancies are rare and are classified as sarcomas.[ Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.). Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 92-832-2411-6. ]
Prevalence
According to the U.S. National Institutes of Health, lymphomas account for about five percent of all cases of cancer in the United States, and Hodgkin\'s lymphoma in particular accounts for less than one percent of all cases of cancer in the United States.
Because the lymphatic system is part of the body\'s immune system, patients with a weakened immune system, such as from HIV infection or from certain drugs or medication, also have a higher incidence of lymphoma.
Classification
WHO classification
The WHO Classification is the latest classification of lymphoma, published by the World Health Organization in 2001.[ Pathology and Genetics of Haemo (World Health Organization Classification of Tumours S.). Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 92-832-2411-6. ] It was based upon the "Revised European-American Lymphoma classification" (REAL).
This classification attempts to classify lymphomas by cell type, i.e. the normal cell type that most likely resembles the tumor. They are classified in three large groups: the B cell tumors, the T cell and natural killer cell tumors, Hodgkin lymphoma, and other less common groups: (ICD-O codes are provided where available).
Mature B cell neoplasms
DNA-microarray analysis of Burkitt\'s lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) showing differences in gene expression patterns. Colors indicate levels of expression; green indicates genes that are overexpressed in normal cells compared to lymphoma cells and red indicates genes that are overexpressed in lymphoma cells compared to normal cells.
Mature T cell and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms
Hodgkin lymphoma
- Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
- Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
- Nodular sclerosis
- Mixed cellularity
- Lymphocyte-rich
- Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted
Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders
- Associated with a primary immune disorder
- Associated with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Post-transplant
- Associated with Methotrexate therapy
Working formulation
The Working Formulation, published in 1982, is primarily descriptive. It is still occasionally used, but has been superseded by the WHO classification, above.
Low grade
High grade
Miscellaneous
Other classification systems
Diagnosis, etiology, staging, prognosis, and treatment
See separate links to Hodgkin\'s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin\'s lymphoma.
Genetics
Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is environmentally induced as a result of the consumption of Triticeae glutens. In gluten sensitive individuals with EATL 68% are homozygotes of the DQB1*02 subtype at the HLA-DQB1 locus (serotype DQ2).[Al-Toma A, Verbeek WH, Hadithi M, von Blomberg BM, Mulder CJ (2007). "Survival in Refractory Coeliac Disease and Enteropathy associated T cell Lymphoma: Retrospective evaluation of single centre experience". doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114512. PMID 17470479. ] (See Coeliac Disease, HLA-DQ, HLA DR3-DQ2)
See also
References
External links
Research Foundations
Information
Societies
Statistics
v • d • e Pathology: hematology (primarily D50-D77, 280-289) |
|---|
RBCs/anemia/
hemoglobinopathy
(Myeloid) | nutritional anemia: Iron deficiency anemia, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Megaloblastic anemia (Pernicious anemia)
hereditary hemolytic anemia: G6PD Deficiency, Thalassemia, Sickle-cell disease/trait, Hereditary spherocytosis, Hereditary elliptocytosis, Hereditary stomatocytosis
acquired hemolytic anemia: Autoimmune (Warm), HUS, MAHA, PNH, PCH
aplastic anemia: Acquired PRCA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Fanconi anemia • Sideroblastic anemia • Hemochromatosis |
|---|
Coagulation/platelets
(Myeloid) | coagulopathy: DIC (Congenital afibrinogenemia, Purpura fulminans) • Hemophilia (A/VII, B/IX, C/XI, XIII) • Von Willebrand disease
Purpura: Henoch-Schönlein, ITP (Evans syndrome), TTP
primary hypercoagulable state: Protein C deficiency -
Protein S deficiency - Antithrombin III deficiency - Factor V Leiden - Activated protein C resistance - Antiphospholipid syndrome
other hemorrhagic conditions: Bernard-Soulier syndrome - Glanzmann\'s thrombasthenia - Grey platelet syndrome - May Hegglin anomaly
Essential thrombocytosis - Thrombocytopenia |
|---|
Monocytes/Macrophages
(Myeloid) | WHO-I histiocytosis (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)
WHO-II/non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (Juvenile xanthogranuloma, Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)
WHO-III/malignant histiocytic disorders (Acute monocytic leukemia, Malignant histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease)
-cytosis: Monocytosis
-penia: Monocytopenia |
|---|
Granulocytes
(Myeloid) | -cytosis: granulocytosis (Neutrophilia, Eosinophilia, Basophilia)
-penia: Granulocytopenia/agranulocytosis (Neutropenia, Kostmann syndrome) |
|---|
| Other/general myeloid | Chronic granulomatous disease |
|---|
| Lymphoid | -cytosis: Lymphocytosis
-penia: Lymphopenia |
|---|
| Other | Asplenia/hyposplenism - Methemoglobinemia - Pancytopenia |
|---|
| See also hematological malignancy and immune disorders |
v • d • e Hematological malignancy histology (ICD-O 9590-9989) |
|---|
| Lymphomas (9590-9759) | Hodgkin\'s lymphoma vs. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma - Diffuse lymphoma vs. Follicular lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma (Small cell, Primary effusion, Diffuse large, ,Burkitt\'s, Splenic marginal zone, MALT)
T-cell lymphoma (Cutaneous , Mycosis fungoides/Sézary\'s disease, Angioimmunoblastic, Anaplastic large cell, Hepatosplenic)
plasma cell (Plasmacytoma, Multiple myeloma)
mast cell tumor (Mast-cell sarcoma, Malignant mastocytosis, Malignant histiocytosis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis) |
|---|
| Immunoproliferative disorders (9760-9799) | Waldenström macroglobulinemia - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis |
|---|
| Lymphoid leukemias (9800-9839) | ALL - CLL - T-cell leukemia (Adult, Large granular lymphocyte, Prolymphocytic, Acute lymphoblastic) - B-cell leukemia (Prolymphocytic) |
|---|
| Myeloid leukemias (9840-9939, 9963) | AML (M2, APL/M3, AMoL/M5, Erythroleukemia/M6, AMKL/M7) - CML (CMoL, CNL, Philadelphia chromosome) - Granulocytic sarcoma |
|---|
| Other leukemias (9940-9949) | Hairy cell leukemia - Aggressive NK-cell leukemia |
|---|
| Myeloproliferative disease (9950-9961) | Polycythemia vera - Essential thrombocytosis - Myelofibrosis |
|---|
| Other (9964-9989) | Hypereosinophilic syndrome - Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder - Myelodysplastic syndrome |
|---|
| See also hematology and immune disorders |
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