International_labor_office, International_labor_office Information, International_labor

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		International Labour Organization
		International Labour Organization

Org type:

UN agency

Acronyms:

ILO

Head:

Juan Somavia, Director-General

Status:

active

Established:

1919

Website:

www.ilo.org

Portal:

United Nations Portal

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialised agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat — the people who are employed by it throughout the world — is known as the International Labour Office. The organisation received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969.The Nobel Peace Prize 1969. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 2006-07-05.

Goals

As stated by its director-general, "the primary goal of the ILO today is to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work, in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity."Decent Work. Report by the Director General for the International Labour Conference 87th Session, 1999. Retrieved on 2007-04-13. In working towards this goal, the organisation seeks to promote employment creation, strengthen fundamental principles and rights at work - workers\' rights, improve social protection, and promote social dialogue as well as provide relevant information, training and technical assistance. At present, the ILO\'s work is organised into four thematic groupings or sectors: (1) Standards and fundamental principles and rights at work; (2) Employment; (3) Social Protection; and (4) Social Dialogue.

History

It was brought to life as an agency of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles, which ended World War I. It became a member of the United Nations system after the demise of the League in 1946. Its constitution, as amended, includes the Declaration of Philadelphia (1944) on the aims and purposes of the organisation. Its director-general is Juan Somavia (since 1999).

Representation

Unlike other United Nations specialised agencies, the International Labour Organization has a tripartite governing structure — representing governments, employers and workers [1].

Governing Body

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The Governing Body is the executive of the International Labour Office. It meets three times a year, in March, June and November. It takes decisions on ILO policy, decides the agenda of the International Labour Conference, adopts the draft programme and budget of the organisation for submission to the conference, and elects the director-general.

The Governing Body is composed of 28 government representatives, 14 workers\' group representatives, and 14 employers\' group representatives. Ten of the government seats are held permanently by Brazil, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The remaining government representatives are elected by government delegates every three years.See Article 7 of the ILO\'s constitution at http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/constq.htm.

International Labour Conference

The ILO organises the International Labour Conference in Geneva every year in June, where conventions and recommendations are crafted and adopted. The conference also makes decisions on the ILO\'s general policy, work programme and budget.

Each member state is represented at the conference by four people: two government delegates, an employer delegate and a worker delegate. All of them have individual voting rights, and all votes are equal, regardless of the population of the delegate\'s member state. The employer and worker delegates are normally chosen in agreement with the "most representative" national organizations of employers and workers. Usually, the workers\' delegates coordinate their voting, as do the employers\' delegates.^{[citations needed]}

International Labour Code

One of the principal functions of the ILO is setting international labour standards through the adoption of conventions and recommendations covering a broad spectrum of labour-related subjects and which, together, are sometimes referred to as the International Labour Code. The topics covered include a wide range of issues, from freedom of association to health and safety at work, working conditions in the maritime sector, night work, discrimination, child labour, and forced labour.

Conventions

Adoption

Adoption of a convention by the International Labour Conference allows governments to ratify it, and the convention then becomes a treaty in international law when a specified number of governments have done so. But all adopted ILO conventions are considered international labour standards regardless of how many governments have ratified them.

Ratification

The coming into force of a convention results in a legal obligation to apply its provisions by the nations that have ratified it. Ratification of a convention is voluntary. Conventions that have not been ratified by member states have the same legal force as do recommendations. Governments are required to submit reports detailing their compliance with the obligations of the conventions they have ratified. Every year the International Labour Conference\'s Committee on the Application of Standards examines a number of alleged breaches of international labour standards. In recent years, one of the member states that has received the most attention is Myanmar / Burma, as the country has repeatedly been criticised for its failure to protect its citizens against forced labour exacted by the army.^{[citations needed]}

1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

In 1998 the 86th International Labour Conference adopted the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. This declaration identified four issue areas as "core" or fundamental international labour standards, meaning that any ILO member state should have ratified at least the eight key conventions, which concern freedom of association and collective bargaining, discrimination, forced labour, and child labour. These core or fundamental standards have been ratified by the overwhelming majority of ILO member states.See the list of ratifications at http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htm

Criticism of the establishment of core or fundamental labour standards

Despite the rapid ratification by many countries of the eight conventions identified as fundamental, a number of academics and activists have criticised the ILO for creating a "false division" between different international labour standards, many of which cover specific and concrete human rights topics but were excluded from the 1998 declaration, such as those on health and safety and working hours. To add further confusion, the new core conventions are often exclusively referred to as being human rights, whereas before all international labour standards were viewed as human rights. Philip Alston, John Norton Pomeroy Professor of Law at New York University, has written on this "narrowing" of international labour standards in the name of human rights advocacy.^{[citations needed]}

Recommendations

Recommendations do not have the binding force of conventions and are not subject to ratification by member countries. Recommendations may be adopted at the same time as conventions to supplement the latter with additional or more detailed provisions. In other cases recommendations may be adopted separately and may address issues not covered by, or unrelated to any particular convention.^{[citations needed]}

Child labour

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The ILO has a specialist programme addressing child labour, the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC).

International Training Centre

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The organisation maintains an International Training Centre in Turin, Italy.

Forced labour

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The ILO has a specialist program working to research and expose forced labour working in networks around the globe.

HIV/AIDS

Under the name ILOAIDS, the ILO created the Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the World of Work as a document providing principles for "policy development and practical guidelines for programmes at enterprise, community, and national levels." Including:The ILO Code of Practice on HIV/AIDS and the world of work. ILOAIDS. Retrieved on 2006-07-05.

prevention of HIV
management and mitigation of the impact of AIDS on the world of work
care and support of workers infected and affected by HIV/AIDS
elimination of stigma and discrimination on the basis of real or perceived HIV status.

Membership

Membership is limited to nation-states, including all who were members on 1 November 1945, when the organisation\'s new constitution came into effect. In addition, any original member of the United Nations and any state admitted thereafter may also join. Other states can be admitted by a super-majority vote of any ILO General Conference. ILO Constitution

There are 181 members of the ILO.

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International_labor_office

Contents

Goals

History

Representation

Governing Body

International Labour Conference

International Labour Code

Conventions

Adoption

Ratification

1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work

Criticism of the establishment of core or fundamental labour standards

Recommendations

Child labour

International Training Centre

Forced labour

HIV/AIDS

Membership

See also

References

Links to the official ILO Web site

Other links